Stage 7: Skeletonization

Partially skeletonized corpse. Decomposing skin remains in some areas.

The 7th and final stage of decomposition, skeletonization, begins when soft tissue has dried and decayed to the point that parts of the skeleton are visible. Skeletonization is complete once all tissue has decomposed and all that is left of the corpse is bone. Remains may become reduced to bone in as little as three weeks but can take up to several years. Factors including temperature and environment determine the timeline of skeletonization. In a tropical climate the body may be reduced to bone in just a few weeks, in tundra, the process will take several years. Skeletonization may never occur if the corpse is in an environment with persistent subzero temperatures as seen in bodies left behind on Mt. Everest.

Body of George Herbert Leigh Mallory on Mt. Everest. Died on British expedition in 1924. His corpse (discovered May 1,1999) remains in pristine condition to this day due to extreme cold. Photo courtesy Atlas Obscura.

Instead of decomposing, remains of climbers who perished have been preserved due to the extreme cold and now act as trail markers up the treacherous mountainside. The bodies of those who die on Mt. Everest usually remain because an attempt to reach and recover the corpse would most likely prove to be unsuccessful, possibly resulting in another fatality. When the corpse is left in a peat bog or salt desert, skeletonization may be delayed, or natural embalming or spontaneous mummification can occur. The body may saponify, or become “adipocere” if left in certain environments, including a peat bog. This is a rare form of spontaneous mummification seen in the Mutter Museum’s “Soap Lady” who saponified in an alkaline, warm environment which was lacking air. While it is not common, it is possible for a corpse to undergo skeletonization in one area of the body, while experiencing some form of natural preservation in another.

The Soap Lady saponified, causing the corpse to become a soapy, wax-like substance called adipocere. Photo courtesy of the Mutter Museum.

In an area void of scavenging animals, bodies buried in acidic soil will take approximately 20 years to complete skeletonization and for bone to decompose to the point that practically no evidence of the body is left. In soil with a neutral PH level, a corpse can last as long as 100 years before bone has decayed almost completely. There is also a possibility bone may not deteriorate and the skeleton could instead become a fossil or crude oil.

Fully skeletonized corpse. Bones have begun to deteriorate. Photo courtesy Bones Don’t Lie.

 

Read about the Stages of Decomposition leading up to Skeletonization Stage 1: Pallor Mortis, Stage 2: Algor Mortis, Stage 3: Rigor Mortis, Stage 4: Livor Mortis, Stage 5: Putrefaction, and Stage 6: Biotic Decomposition 

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If you enjoyed this article, you may also like Pray the Decay Away: Incorruptible Corpses and Other Forms of Natural Postmortem Preservation,  Everybody Poops: The Post-Mortem Edition, Demystifying the Process of Dying and Burying the Dead is Killing the Planet.

Pray the Decay Away: Incorruptible Corpses and Other Forms of Natural Postmortem Preservation

Ancient Egypt is widely recognized for their advanced process of “mummification” which successfully prevented natural decomposition. These purposefully preserved “anthropogenic mummies” have been found in various ancient civilizations throughout the world and were created by exposure to chemicals, extreme cold, extremely low humidity and/or lack of air. Spontaneous Mummification/natural embalming can occur under the same conditions. The oldest known natural mummification was observed in a 6,000 year old severed head discovered in South America in 1934 which was found to be of the Incan Civilization. Most people are familiar with the image of a “normal”, dried up mummy, a body which did not go through the process of Putrefaction due to dehydration of the corpse; However, there are many variations on spontaneous mummification/natural embalming which you may not be familiar with.

1. Consistently Cold Corpses

Mt. Everest, located in the countries of Nepal and Tibet is the highest mountain in the world and a frozen graveyard for over 200 bodies of climbers who perished during their expedition. Due to the severe temperatures and extremely high altitude, bodies of those who die on Mt. Everest are usually unable to ever be recovered. The persistent subzero temperatures prevent these bodies from fully decomposing and are used today as markers for climbers on their way to the peak. Take for example the body of George Herbert Leigh Mallory.

Body of George Herbert Leigh Mallory on Mt. Everest. Courtesy of Atlas Obscura.

Mallory and his companion died during a British expedition to the peak of Mt. Everest in 1924. Unfortunately, no one knew what happened to the two explorers until a team searching for their remains discovered Mallory’s corpse on May 1,1999. Despite having died more than 70 years prior, his remains were found in almost pristine condition, preserved by persistent subzero temperatures. If you make the death-defying trek to the peak of Mt. Everest, make sure to stop by and visit George Herbert Leigh Mallory.

2. Bog Bodies
Peat bogs, also known as “alkaline mires”, are wetlands abundant in mosses and wonderful environments in which to naturally preserve a corpse. In fact, the “Tollund Man”, considered to be the most well-preserved pre-historic corpse to have ever been discovered was found in a peat bog on the Jutland Peninsula in Denmark.

The Tollund Man

The Tollund Man, discovered in 1950, most likely lived between 375 BC and 210 BC during the Pre-Roman Iron Age. Although his body has shrunk and his arms and hands (aside from one finger) have skeletonized, his facial features were preserved perfectly. The right side of the Tollund Man’s body, which was fully submerged in his alkaline grave, shows less skeletonization and shrinking than the left. He was discovered wearing a pointed cap of sheepskin secured to his head with two leather straps tied beneath his chin, a leather belt and a leather noose around his neck. It was determined the noose had been cut from the remainder of the rope with a knife. Indentations found on the front of the Tollund Man’s neck indicate he died by hanging. It is unclear why he died by hanging (execution, suicide, etc.) and whether or not his body was intended to be preserved by the bog. Today, the Tollund Man is on display at the Silkeborg Museum in Denmark.

3. Soap People
Adipocere, also known as Saponify is an incredibly uncommon and fascinating form of postmortem preservation which occurs in an alkaline and/or warm, airless environment containing moisture. Saponification is a modification on Putrefaction in which the body’s fat converts into an acidic, insoluble soap which inhibits the growth of bacteria necessary for the body to putrefy. Generally, at the time of death a body contains 0.5% fatty acid, but in adipocere, levels of fatty acid rise to 20%. Within three months, bodies that saponify will contain 70% fatty acid. At first, saponified bodies will smell strongly ammoniacal. Curiously, people who have examined saponified bodies note that this smell will eventually wear off, but will return once more if the body is exposed to fresh air for two minutes or longer. Fresh adipocere appears soft, moist, white and translucent. Eventually, the body will become very brittle appearing to be hard, dry, cracked and will take on a yellowish color. Some internal organs may saponify as well, others will become similar to parchiment paper. Although the body may eventually decay if environmental conditions alter, usually the corpse will remain in a state of adipocere for at least a few decades after being relocated. A human body takes approximately 3-6 months to saponify completely, but it can begin to form in three weeks, given the right conditions. While it is unconfirmed, reports from India claim saponify has begun to form in as little as 3-4 days. The most well-known example of adipocere is the “Soap Lady”, whose saponified body was exhumed in Philadelphia in 1875.

The Soap Lady. Photo courtesy the Mutter Museum.

Originally believed to have been an elderly victim of the 1790’s Yellow Fever Epidemic (due to her lack of teeth), it was discovered in a 1987 X-ray that her clothing contained buttons and pins which were not manufactured in the United States until the 1830s. It was also determined this toothless woman was much younger, having died no later than her 40s, possibly as young as her late 20s. The Soap Lady is currently on display in Philadelphia’s Mutter Museum.

4. Volcanic Ash
In 79 AD (most likely August 24th, around noon) Mt. Vesuvius erupted destroying the cities of Herculaneum and Pompeii. While Herculaneum was immediately incinerated by the initial pyroclastic surge, at least 1,150 citizens of Pompeii were encased in a porous pumice shell leaving behind a macabre cast of their position at the time of death.

Bodies in Pompeii

Many people are under the impression that the bodies of those killed in the destruction of Pompeii remain encased in the pumice however, this is false. While their skeletal remains are inside, the soft tissue decomposed and eventually leaked out of the hardened ash. In 1864 Giuseppe Fiorelli was serving as executive director of excavations at Pompeii. He instructed his team to not remove bones of the volcano’s victims and to instead pour plaster into the pockets of ash left behind where the soft tissue had once been. After a few days the plaster hardened, leaving us with 150 “statues” of Vesuvius’s victims immortalized in the final, terrifying moments of their life.

5. Incorruptible Corpses
Until rather recently, the Catholic Church considered “Incorruptible Corpses”, bodies that do not decompose after death, to be a miracle. Once upon a time, holy figures which remained immaculate long after their demise quickly gained Sainthood. While lack of decomposition is no longer officially considered a “miracle” in itself, there is still the belief within Christianity that these faithful few whose earthly bodies are spared decomposition are still in some way touched by God. There have been many claims that these bodies smell sweet and floral and at times appear better postmortem than they did in life… Those of us who are not quite as full of… “The Holy Spirit” realize there are legitimate scientific reasons behind these bodies that for whatever reason, do not putrify. In modern times, it has been discovered that some of the tombs used as a resting place for devoted Catholic nuns and priests are more conducive to natural embalming than others. Temperature, moisture and even architecture all influence the tomb’s ability to naturally preserve a corpse. One of the most famous Incorruptible Corpses is that of Saint Paula Frassinetti who was buried in one such a tomb in 1882.

Body of Saint Paula Frassinetti. Photo courtesy of The Order of The Good Death

In 1906 her body was exhumed to be moved to another location. At that time it was discovered that St. Paula’s body had only slightly decomposed in 24 years time. In light of this, her corpse was displayed at Saint Onofria, the Dorothean motherhouse in Rome, Italy. Unfortunately, after her body was removed from its original tomb, St. Paula did begin to decompose. In an attempt to keep her body in its state of incorruptibility, Sisters at the convent washed St. Paula Frassinetti with acid which slightly melted her skin. It did, however, prevent any further decomposition. Incorruptible Corpses often receive such treatments in an effort to maintain the body. Her corpse remains on display to this day and those who have handled the body of Saint Paula Frassinetti claim she is still quite flexible.

Learn more about The Mutter Museum
Learn more about The Silkeborg Museum

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Dying with Dignity: One Woman’s Willful Journey into Death

The following video documents the final days of a woman who opted for physician-assisted suicide in 2010. Seventy-four year old Michele Causse Deriaz, a resident of Toulouse, France traveled to Switzerland with her partner and a friend in order to die on the day of her birth, July 29th. Michele’s story is very intriguing; She speaks bluntly, even joyfully, on the subject of her death and has strong yet simple views on the topic of Dying with Dignity. Michele volunteered for cameras to follow her in the days leading to her scheduled death and to be present as she chose to take a lethal dose of pentobarbital, prescribed by her end of life physician. She hoped that by participating in the documentary, physician-assisted suicide would be a more available option for others like her who wish to end their life. On the day before her death she left a message for viewers, “Let me say before dying that people really cherish life… I have to be really suffering to leave it; I wanted to live just like everyone else… There won’t be crowds of people lining up to die. The few who wish to die will certainly have good reasons.”

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If you enjoyed Michele’s story, you might also like Dying with Dignity, Demystifying the Process of Dying, Everybody Poops: The Post-Mortem Edition, Karl Wallenda’s Fatal Tightrope Fall, Possible Relatives: Tina Enghoff Photographs Homes of the Recently Deceased and Joshiah: We are the Creators of Our Universe

THE WALKING DEAD: Indonesia

  

 In villages occupied by the Toraja people located in the mountains of South Sulawesi, Indonesia, Shamans have been raising the dead for centuries. While we might refer to the Indonesian walking dead as “zombies”, they are known by the Toraja people as “Rolang”, or “the corpse who stands up”. The only major difference between the Western world’s idea of a traditional zombie and the Indonesian version is that many people have witnessed the Rolang and luckily, they do not crave human flesh. According to the religious beliefs of the Toraja people, in order for a deceased person to reach the afterlife known as “Puya” or “The Land of Souls”, their corpse must be returned to the place of their birth for burial.

 Prior to the Dutch colonization of this area in the 20th century, the Toraja people lived in remote villages without roads connecting one to the other. Due to the difficulty of treading terrain in this mountainous region, people were terrified to journey too far in fears that their body could not be returned to their birthplace in the event of their demise. The Toraja’s beliefs state that if the body is not returned to the corpse’s village of birth, the soul will never reach Puya and will forever wander around in limbo, confused by their unfamiliar surroundings. In order to aid in transporting corpses, Shamans would be called upon to temporarily raise the dead so that they could walk back to their birthplace on their own in order to attend their funeral and begin their journey to Puya. Every August, a ritual known as Ma’nene or “The Ceremony of Cleaning Corpses” takes place.

Corpse cleaning, grooming and redressing during Ma’nene

During this time, families exhume the bodies of deceased relatives in order to wash them, groom them, change their clothes and repair their coffins. The bodies are taken to the place of their death, then back to their grave in the village of origin. Often the deceased are paraded around the village in straight lines during the journey in order to observe the living;

 This is done out of respect to the ‘Hyang’, unseen spiritual entities with supernatural powers who reside in mountains, hills and volcanoes and may only move in straight lines.

 Simple wooden caskets are placed into limestone cliffs in order to make it easier for the bodies to be retrieved for Ma’nene. Some of these limestone burial caves are so old that many coffins have rotted away leaving nothing but skeleton; Some belonging to people who died 1,000 years ago.

 Generally coffins belonging to children and infants are suspended from the sides of these limestone cliffs with rope. Once the rope rots and the coffin falls, new ropes are simply reattached and the coffin is hung once more. Infants who die before beginning teething are buried in Baby Grave Trees. [Read all about The Baby Grave Tree here]

 The Toraja, who are known as skilled woodworkers carve life-sized wooden effigies for high-status villagers which are called “Tau-Tau” and are also displayed on these limestone burial cliffs. Often, the Tau-Tau are dressed with the deceased’s favorite piece of jewelry or clothing. In the Toraja culture, more importance is placed on funerals and The Ceremony of Cleaning Corpses than births and marriages.

 In addition to returning to their place of birth, Toraja people believe that for a soul to reach Puya, all relatives of the family, no matter how far away, must attend the deceased’s funeral. Due to this stipulation, it can take several weeks, even several months, for the funeral to take place. While awaiting burial, the corpse is taken to a traditional ‘Tongkonan’ house. These houses are used almost exclusively as a place to keep the deceased before burial, similar to a funeral home. Tongkonan houses pass down from generation to generation and cannot be bought or sold according to the Toraja culture.


These elaborate houses are adorned with buffalo horns which are considered to be a symbol of wealth. The roofs’ shape symbolizes prows of the ships which carried the ancient Toraja people to the land they inhabit today. Less wealthy families may instead keep their loved one inside a room of their own home. Prior to burial the corpse is treated somewhat like an actual living person; The body will be washed, groomed, have changes of clothing and will even be offered daily meals.

 It is not uncommon for a visitor to thank the corpse for being a good host. The main reason the deceased are treated so much like the living is because the Toraja people believe it takes many, many years to reach Puya and that in some sense, the deceased remain with their bodies until they complete the voyage. Once all relatives (and the corpse) have arrived in the deceased’s village of birth, the funeral festivities may begin.  those attending the funeral will gather in ceremonial sites called “Rante”. Usually, hundreds of people are in attendance at Toraja funerals and for the wealthy, a massive feast is held which may last for several days. It is believed that for the soul to reach Puya more quickly, it is nessesary that blood is spilled at the funeral; The more blood spilled, the faster the journey into the afterlife will be. For this reason, buffalo and pigs are sacrificed at the ceremony. The installment of a new Tau-Tau requires the sacrifice of no less than 29 buffaloes and 59 pigs. For an exceptionally wealthy citizen, dozens of buffalo and hundreds of pigs will be slaughtered while those in attendance sing, dance and try to catch the animals’ blood with bamboo straws. Sometimes cockfights called “bulangan londong” are also held.

 Family will offer the corpse items they feel will be needed for the journey into the afterlife (commonly money and cigarettes). In modern times, bodies are usually transported in cars which means there is not much need for the walking dead; However, it is claimed that Shamans often attend funeral celebrations and can use the same magic to cause a slaughtered buffalo to get up and walk after it has been beheaded. This is to prove the same magic used to create Rolang is still practiced by the Toraja Shamans today. When Rolang was a popular method of transporting corpses to their burial site, special runners would go ahead of these walking dead (who were usually accompanied by a Shaman and family members) to warn people on the path and in villages that a corpse would be shambling through shortly.

 Once temporarily reanimated, the corpse would be expressionless, unresponsive, and only able to perform the most basic of functions such as walking. If anyone were to address the corpse by name or unnecessarily touch the body (in a hug, for instance) the corpse would immediately collapse and sometimes, disappear. These migrations to the corpse’s birthplace were also conducted in straight lines and were silent, somber affairs which could take many days, weeks or even months if the person had journeyed too far from home before their demise.

 The practice remains a complete mystery and although most young people of the Toraja culture do not believe in this ancient practice, the older Toraja population swear it to be real saying it is now only practiced in some areas where it is necessary such as the remote village of Mamases. The practice of regularly exhuming and cleaning corpses can be found in a few other parts of the world such as Madagascar. Unfortunately, it is believed to be a large part of why the bubonic plague, also known as the Black Death is still prevalent in that area. During the 14th century, the Black Death killed an approximate 200 million people. The disease can last in an infected corpse for several years, putting those who exhume and handle deceased infected bodies at risk of contracting the notoriously deadly disease.
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Photos courtesy Reuters, The Associated Press, Sijori Images and Mongabay.com

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Be sure to read about another bizarre funeral rite of the Toraja, The Baby Grave Tree
If you enjoyed this article, you might also like The Zombie Cat Parasite, Pray the Decay Away: Incorruptible Corpses and Other Forms of Postmortem Preservation, The Seven Stages of Decomposition, Everybody Poops: The Postmortem Edition, Mount Everest’s Death Zone, Pascualita: How Much is that Corpse Bride in the Window, How to Drive a Corpse Cross-Country and Rasputin’s Pickled Penis on Public Display

Cause of Death: Spontaneous Human Combustion & Other Stories of SHC

The body of Robert Francis Bailey

The body of Robert Francis Bailey

Robert Francis Bailey

At 5:19am on September 13, 1967 emergency services were called when a concerned citizen walking to work noticed a bright light coming from inside an abandoned home at 49 Auckland Street in Lambeth, South London. When the fire department arrived at 5:24am they discovered the burning body of Robert Francis Bailey, a local homeless alcoholic. One of the responding firefighters reported, “When we entered the building he [Robert Francis Baily] was lying on the bottom of the stairs half-turned on his left side and his knees were drawn up as though he was trying to bend the pain from his stomach”. Baily had been conscious as he burned to death and there was evidence to suggest he had been convulsing in agony as the fire consumed him. He had bitten into the post on the stairs which was made of solid mahogany and his teeth were embedded so deeply into the wood that his mouth had to be pried open by the fire department in order to remove his body. The firefighter described what he had witnessed, “There was about a four inch slit in his stomach and the flame was emanating from that four inch slit like a blow torch. It was a blue flame. The flame was actually coming from the body itself. From inside the body. He was burning literally from the inside out. And it was definitely under preassure. And it was impinging on the timber flooring below the body, so much so that the heat from the flame was charred into the woodwork.”. The only fire damage in the house was on the floor, directly below where the body had been burning. Aside from the abdomen where the fire had originated, Robert Francis Bailey’s clothes were intact and unaffected by the fire. The fire department put out the flames almost immediately, originally believing Bailey may still have been alive; The job required the use of several fire extinguishers and was incredibly difficult. Robert Francis Bailey’s original cause of death was determined to be “asphyxia due to inhalation of fire fumes” but after reviewing the case further his death was deemed to have been due to “unknown causes”.


Michael
Faherty

The home of Michael Faherty

The home of Michael Faherty

Seventy-six year old MichaelFaherty was found dead in his home in Clareview Park, Ballybane, Galway, Ireland on December 22, 2010 after his neighbor, Mr.Mannion was awoken by a fire alarm and noticed smoke coming from Faherty’s house. The official cause of death for Michael Faherty was “spontaneous combustion.”. Quite frankly, of all claims of SHC I find it very odd that this is the one investigators chose to officially name as a real case of spontaneous human combustion.

The body of Michael Faherty

The body of Michael Faherty

While no accelerants were found and the fire that consumed Mr. Faherty had only damaged the floor directly beneath and the ceiling directly above the body, he was found with his head next to an open and active fireplace. A lead official working on the case stated, “The fire was thoroughly investigated and I’m left with the conclusion that this fits into the category of spontaneous human combustion for which there is no adequate explanation.”.


Dr. John Irving Bentley

From 1925-1953 John Irving Bentley had worked as a family physician in Coudersport, Pennsylvania. He had suffered a fractured hip in 1947 which affected his mobility and had caused him to be infirm in his senior years. Dr. Bentley remained in Coudersport where he was friendly with many residents which he had served as physician to before his retirement. On December 4, 1966, ninety-two year old John Irving Bentley received visitors who left at around 9pm that evening.

The home of Dr. John Irving Bentley

The home of Dr. John Irving Bentley

The following morning, Don Gosnell, meter reader with the North Penn Gas Company arrived at Dr. Bentley’s two-story home on Main Street and let himself in, as usual due to the ninety-two year old’s immobility. When he entered the house, Don Gosnell noticed a light blue smoke and a strange smell which was “somewhat sweet, like starting up a new oil-burning system.”. After going into the basement to read the meter he saw there was a pile of ash on the floor. Concerned about the strange conditions in which he found the home, he set off to search for Dr. Bentley. Don Gosnell found the upstairs bedroom filled with smoke and in the bathroom he discovered the doctor’s remains.

The body of Dr. John Irving Bentley

The body of Dr. John Irving Bentley

All that was left of John Irving Bentley was the lower half of his right leg, still wearing a slipper and his walker on top of a 2 1/2 by 4 foot hole burned into the floor. Dr. Bentley’s ashes had fallen through this hole and into the basement. Terrified, Don Gosnell ran back to the gas company screaming, “Doctor Bentley’s burned up!” and coworkers later said, “He [Don Gosnell] looked as white as a sheet.”. Aside from the hole burned into the floor, there were few signs of fire damage. The nearby tub was nearly unscathed and the rubber tips on Dr. Bentley’s walker were intact. Found inside the bathtub was Dr. Bentley’s burned robe and in the toilet were the remnants of “what was apparently a water pitcher.”. The official cause of death was recorded as “death by asphyxiation and 90 percent burning of the body”. It is theorized that Dr. Bentley had set fire to himself in his bedroom with his pipe and went into the bathroom in an attempt to extinguish the flames, becoming unconscious before he could do so. While this theory is plausible considering Dr. Bentley was an avid pipe smoker and his robe showed signs of multiple previous accidents with hot ash, his pipe was found sitting neatly in its stand by his bedside as though it had not been used anytime recently. The fire which consumed Dr. Bentley is estimated to have burned at 2,500 degrees Fahrenheit, a common element of supposed cases of spontaneous human combustion.

Helen Conway
On the evening of November 7, 1964 Helen Conway was babysitting the two children of her daughter and son-in-law overnight at her home in Upper Darby, Pennsylvania. The following morning at 8:42am Helen Conway’s granddaughter, Stephanie delivered a book of matches to her invalid grandmother upstairs upon request. Very shortly thereafter, Helen Conway’s neighbor who was leaving for church noticed an odd glow coming from inside the upstairs window of 527 Argyll Road and came to the house to investigate. The heat was so intense she was unable to make it upstairs and called the fire department. As firefighters searched the smoke-filled room at 8:48am one of them stuck his hand “into something greasy” which tuned out to be the remains of Helen Conway.

The body of Helen Conway

The body of Helen Conway

All that was left of her were her legs from the knee-down. Her lower legs and feet were unburnt but blistered. Two blisters broke on her leg during examination; they were wet but did not leak fluid. This is a clear indication that the 51-year-old widow was alive as she burned. Her left arm, which had burned down to the bone still had a bracelet eerily dangling from it. The only major signs of fire damage was on the chair Helen Conway sat in as she burned to death. conwaytelephoneA telephone sitting on a nearby table had begun to melt but a pack of cigarettes on the same table were not affected. Sheets on the bed in the adjoining bedroom were spotless but the television set sitting on a dresser had melted while a highly flammable doll sitting next to the TV was nearly untouched. IMG_7672Helen Conway was a very heavy smoker and was a bit careless with her cigarettes. Multiple cigarette burns were found on furniture in her bedroom. One theory suggests Helen Conway lit herself on fire while smoking. As the chair she sat in became progressively charred the top broke off and fell backwards, taking the upper portion of Helen Conway’s body with it. Investigators believed “The Wick Effect” was the cause of her death. The Wick Effect is a commonly use to explain potential spontaneous human combustion. Under this theory, the human body is basically an inside out candle with clothing acting as the wick and human fat as the ignition. While it has been proven to be an explanation for some believed cases of SHC, it takes seven hours to destroy a human body. Obviously, this explanation would be highly feasible if it weren’t for one teeny tiny little detail… The fire that consumed the majority of Helen Conway’s body and burned at 2,500 degrees Fahrenheit began and ended in six minutes. No accelerants were used; Her death was originally considered to be foul play due to the rate and intensity at which the fire burned.

Mary Reeser
Around 8am on July 2, 1951 Pansy Carpenter went to deliver a telegram and a cup of coffee to her tenant Mary Reeser. After discovering the doorknob to her home was burning hot, Pansy asked for the help of two painters working nearby to assist in opening the door. When they finally entered, the three were met with a gust of hot air. The home showed some signs of fire but Mrs. Reeser was nowhere to be found. There was a bit of a bit of smoke and a small fire still burning on a beam which separated the bedroom from the kitchenette. Emergency services were called and discovered the body of Mary Reeser. All that remained of her was her left foot still wearing a black satin slipper, a charred liver fused to a fragment of vertebrae and a shrunken skull which was approximately the size of a teacup.

The remains of Mary Reeser

The remains of Mary Reeser

The 170lb. woman had been reduced to a pile of remains weighing less that 10lbs. Dr. Wilton Krogman, the leading American forensic expert on the subject of death by fire at that time was called in to study the case. In 25 years of working in his field, Dr. Krogman was baffled by the shrunken skull. In deaths by burning, the skull expands from the heat and literally explodes. While it is not uncommon for the skull to shrink in claims of SHC (one of many elements that makes these cases so intriguing), it is absolutely unheard of in any burning deaths outside of these rare phenomena. The chair Mary Reeser was sitting in at the time of her death had been burned until all that was left of it was some coils from its interior but a nearby pile of newspapers was untouched by the fire. A mirror on the wall had cracked due to the intense heat and many appliances in the home had melted; Otherwise, the home was generally unaffected by the fire which is estimated to have burned at 3,000 degrees Fahrenheit. Local investigators in St. Petersburg, Florida were so stumped by the case that Police Chief J.R. Reichert sent a box of evidence to J. Edgar Hoover containing glass fragments found in the ashes, a section of carpet, the unburnt shoe from Mrs. Reeser’s remaining foot and six “small objects thought to be teeth” along with a note which read, “We request any information or theories that could explain how a human body could be so destroyed and the fire confined to such a small area and so little damage done to the structure of the building and furniture in the room not even scorched or damaged by smoke.”. The case of Mary Reeser was so astounding J. Edgar Hoover even discussed the case with President Harry S. Truman before replying to the St. Petersburg Police. On August 8, the FBI ruled Mary Reeser’s death to have been due to “The Wick Effect” saying that Mrs. Reeser had taken her regular dose of sleeping pills and fell asleep while smoking a cigarette in her armchair. MaryReeserThey claimed the rayon nightgown, robe and bedroom slippers she was last seen alive in the previous evening by her son and a neighbor acted as a wick and her body fat kept the fire going until she had been completely consumed. Those who worked on the case up-close-and-personal strongly disagreed with the FBI’s explanation. Experts asserted there is no way a fire started by a cigarette could create a blaze of that intensity. Dr. Wilton Krogman vehemently protested the FBI’s theory and said throughout his life that the case, particularly the shrunken skull, haunted him. As previously mentioned, the Wick Effect takes seven hours to consume a body. While there is no way to know for sure when the fire that killed Mary Reeser began, we get a pretty good idea from a clock in the room which stopped at 2:26am, presumably due to the heat from the fire. Pansy Carpenter, Mrs. Reeser’s landlady said she awoke that morning to the smell of smoke at around 5:00am. She believed it to be caused by the water pump in the garage overheating again. She got up, turned it off, and returned to bed. If the fire began shortly before 2:26am and raged on until just before Pansy Carpenter entered Mrs. Reeser’s apartment, that would be approximately seven hours; However, the FBI’s theory doesn’t quite add up. If Mary Reeser took sleeping pills on a regular basis, one would assume she took them quite a bit earlier in the evening.

Mary Reeser

Mary Reeser

Remember, this was a 67-year-old woman in 1951 whose landlady delivered coffee to at 8am. Unfortunately, there are no records of what time Mrs. Reeser’s son and neighbor left her home that evening, but the details given by Pansy Carpenter imply that Mary Reeser was up and out of bed by 8am every morning. For that to be possible when using medication to sleep, Mrs. Reeser would have to take her pills by midnight each evening, no later. If she had, in fact, taken the pills at her usual time and fallen asleep while smoking it would mean the ember which supposedly fell into her clothes remained inactive for about two hours before starting a fire which grew to 3,000 degrees Fahrenheit. Some put the time of the clock stopping between 4:00am and 4:20am (we’re going with 2:26 because that time is cited in books and I trust books more that the internet) and if that is the case, there certainly would not have been enough time for Mary Reeser’s body to be destroyed to the point it was by way of the Wick Effect. More bizarrely, why would J. Edgar Hoover consult the President on the matter, not simply inform him of it. All these little details that don’t quite make sense in addition to the fact that no one working on the case outside of the FBI agreed with the Wick Effect theory in the case of Mary Reeser makes it one of the most intriguing examples of SHC to this day. One theory considered in an attempt to “logically” explain her death was that Mary Reeser was murdered… using cremation equipment; However, that theory was let go when it left no explanation for the melted appliances.
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Laura Belle Devlin

Laura Belle Devlin, born September 7, 1874 murdered and dismembered her husband in 1947 at the age of 72.

On January 5, 1947 C.G. Butcher, a postman in Newark, Ohio delivered mail to the Devlin residence at 78 King Avenue. That day, seventy-two year old housewife and avid collector of old lace, Laura Belle Devlin, received a letter from relatives in Philadelphia informing her that her 75-year-old husband, Thomas Devlin, had passed away during a recent visit. Made suspicious by the fact that this letter had no stamp and a postmark which was obviously hand-written, C.G. Butcher took the widow to the local police station. When Mrs. Devlin was questioned, she admitted to having murdered her husband, Thomas, in the parlour of their two-story home.

Emotionless, she described the killing, saying she pounded Thomas Devlin with her bare fists until he was unconscious the attempted to break his bones with a sickle. Afterwards, she dismembered the body with a handsaw and burned parts of him in the stove. She scattered the rest of the pieces of her husband’s body in the backyard.

 After being arrested on charges of first degree murder, she told police, “[Thomas Devlin] tried to kill me so many times that I decided to end his life.” then immediately asked, “And now can I go home?”. Mrs. Devlin was temporarily incarcerated at the Licking County Jail where she refused to be fingerprinted because, “That ink will make my hands dirty.”. In another attempt to take the 72-year-old killer’s fingerprints while photographers snapped pictures, she simply asserted, “NO!”. When informed of her incarceration, she just shook her head in disapproval of law enforcement’s decision on the matter and later told reporters she “disliked” jail. Despite her feelings on being locked up, she was described as “mild-mannered” throughout her incarceration. On January 11, 1947 Mrs. Devlin was admitted to the Lima State Hospital for the Criminally Insane for a 30 day observation period. There, she was diagnosed with “Senile Psychosis: Confused Type”, which is more or less an old-timey way of saying “Dementia”.

 Sadly, on March 29, 1947 Laura Belle Devlin passed away at the Lima State Hospital from a bout of pneumonia which she had been battling for one week after having had an attack of influenza.

More original articles from the Laura Belle Devlin murder below. Photos courtesy Parajail.com

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If you enjoyed this article, you might also like So I Married the Oldest Axe Murderer: 100 Year Old Man Hacks Wife to Death in Her Sleep, Chicago Grandmother Slits Infant’s Throat with Power Saw, Herb Baumeister and the Horrors of Fox Hollow, An April Fool’s Day Fatality, 14 Most Violent Valentine’s Days, Woman Found Pushing Her Dead Child on Swing and Imaginary Murders on the Rise

  

   

 

Herb Baumeister and the Horrors of Fox Hollow

Whether you have an avid interest in serial killers or not, when the subject arises, many names initially come to mind: Jack the Ripper, Ed Gein, John Wayne Gacy, Ted Bundy. The names of these killers are embedded into our mind and our pop culture due to the shockingly large scale and horrific nature of their crimes. They’ve officially earned a place on everyone’s mental list of people-you-don’t-want-to-run-across-in-a-dark-alley, making their name and reputation as infamous as Marie Antoinette. One person that should be on that mental list, but probably isn’t is Herb Baumeister. As a person who has always been fascinated by serial killers and was allowed to watch the eleven o’clock news at far too young an age, I hadn’t heard about Herb Baumeister and his crimes until about a year ago. Since then, I have been obsessed. His story, and that of Fox Hollow Farm, the estate where the murders took place, is one that begins in Herb’s childhood and has outlived him by multiple decades. The case of the “I-70 Strangler” will easily continue to unfold with seemingly unending macabre evidence and details for the next half-century.
Baumeister’s bizarre behavior was recounted by a childhood friend who recalled an instance in which Herb found a dead crow in the road on his way to school and later that day, dropped it on his teacher’s desk when she wasn’t looking. According to those who knew him, “playing” with dead animals was a favorite pastime of his, as well as pondering what human urine tastes like. Herb once urinated on a teacher’s desk, although it is unclear if his malicious actions were aimed at multiple instructors, or one in particular. When Herb Baimeister reached his teens, he was diagnosed with schizophrenia and was suspected of having multiple personalities, but did not receive treatment. Theses disorders would become more apparent as Herb matured. While attending college for one year at Indiana State University, he met Juliana Saitor. The two were drawn to one another due to their incredibly conservative ideologies. In 1971, the two were married, but only six months afterwards Herb was committed to a psychiatric institute where he spent two months. Over the next several years, the couple produced three children: Marie (1979), Erich (1981), and Emily (1984). In 1974, Herb Baumeister began working for the Bureau of Motor Vehicles and displayed symptoms of his mental illness. One year, he and a coworker appeared on the company Christmas card dressed in drag. Obviously, simply dressing in drag is not a sign of mental illness, however it was out of character for Mr. Baumeister and in hindsight, disturbing, considering the nature of the crimes he would go on to commit. Herb worked his way up to the title of Program Director, but was terminated from this job in 1985 when he urinated on a letter which was to be sent to then-governor of Indiana, Robert D. Orr (Republican). It was the same year the body of Eric Roetiger, a seventeen year old white male was discovered in Indiana. He may or may not have been serial killer Herb Baumeister’s first victim. On September 3, 1985 he committed a hit and run while intoxicated, though he received no severe punishment. Less than one year later on March 27, 1986 Herb was charged with auto theft and conspiracy to commit theft, avoiding implications of his actions a second time and beating the charges against him. In 1988, Herb’s mother loaned him $4,000 to open a thrift store, ‘SAV-A-LOT’, which made him $50,000 in its first year alone, allowing for a second location.  In 1991, ‘SAV-A-LOT’ was so successful Herb, Julie, and their three children were able to move to Fox Hollow Farm: An eighteen acre, one million dollar estate in the prestigious Westfield district, a suburb of Indianapolis. For the first time in his life, Baumeister was viewed as a pillar in the community. The town recognized Herb as a family man and charitable entrepreneur. He owned a popular business that had recently become a small chain, and a dream home complete with a pool house, which included a wet bar. This area was decorated lavishly and filled with mannequins dressed by Baumeister to appear as if they were guests attending an upscale pool party. Herb began to frequent the local gay bars in search of potential victims to lure back to his pool house. He would pose as an autoerotic asphyxiation fetishist (someone who receives pleasure from choking/being choked, or having air cut off/restricted by other means during intercourse and/or masturbation) and invite the unsuspecting men to engage in this act with him. Once he got these men back to Fox Hollow Farm he would ensure they were intoxicated, invite them in the pool and strangle them to death. Their remains were discarded in the woods behind his home. Reports of missing gay men in the area began piling up, and bodies continued to be discovered throughout Indiana and Ohio. Unfortunately, at this time police did not put much effort into investigating the murders and disappearances of gay men. Most investigators and members of the community believed the ones who had simply gone missing decided to run off to a big city where they may be more widely accepted by society without informing their families. Finally, law enforcement began to connect the dots and in 1992 received their first tip from a man named Tony Harris. Tony called the Indianapolis police and claimed a gay bar patron by the name of “Brian Smart” had murdered his friend and tried to kill him, as well. Unable to locate a “Brian Smart”, the killings continued. In 1994, life took a downwards turn for Herb Baumeister. His business, which had previously been flourishing, began to fail. This could have been caused by a sudden, vastly superior attitude he began to display towards his employees, and by his habit of leaving work, only to return later in the day reeking of booze. He was also arrested for drinking and driving in Rochester, Indiana, which earned him three days in jail and one year of probation.  To make things far worse, Herb’s son, Erich, who was thirteen at the time, found a human skull on their property while walking through the woods. Erich showed it to his mother, Julie, who inquired about the skull to her husband. Herb’s answer was that had come from a medical skeleton belonging to his deceased father which he had acquired many of throughout his long career as an anesthesiologist. Although there were problems at this time in Herb and Julie’s relationship, surprisingly, this was not one of them. Later, when Julie went looking for these remains, they could not be located. Assuming they had been carried off by a wild animal, she accepted her husband’s explanation without giving it a second thought. In 1995 Tony Harris had another run in with Brian Smart at a local gay bar and this time he got a license plate number. Police ran the plates and learned “Brian Smart” was an alias of Herb Baumeister. When police arrived at the Baumeister home and asked to search the property without a warrant, both Herb and Julie refused. Herb told his wife he was being falsely accused of theft and ordered her not to allow police onto the property. One day, investigators were able to speak to Julie alone and explained they were really there; Her husband was suspected of multiple murders. Even after learning this and knowing a human skull had been lying in the woods on their property, she remained unwilling to a search. However, as Herb’s luck began to run out, his mood swings and odd behavior reached a climax and began to disturb his wife. In 1996, both of Herb’s SAV-A-LOT stores shut down and he became depressed, even threatening to take his own life. Julie was filing for divorce and suing for sole custody of their three children when she finally contacted police and agreed to a full search of the property while Herb was away on vacation. During the initial search, which lasted a few days, law enforcement recovered 5,500 bones, bone fragments, and teeth from four different victims in the wooded area of Fox Hollow Farm. Many of the remains had been concealed beneath piles of leaves and garbage. A second search was prompted by the Baumeister’s neighbor, who informed police he had discovered skeletal remains near a drainage pipe separating the two properties. When police arrived, they immediately noticed several somewhat intact skeletons protruding from the muddy ground. 140 more bones (including several intact rib cages and vertebra) from seven additional bodies were found in this location along with many cans of Miller Genuine Draft, Mr. Baumeister’s favorite drink. In all, eleven bodies were found but only eight could be identified: Johnny Bayer (20), Allen Wayne Broussard (28), Roger A. Goodlet (33), Richard D. Hamilton (20), Steven S. Hale (26), Jeff Allen Jones (31), Michael Kiern (46), and Manuel Resendez (31). While Eric Roetiger was never confirmed as one of Herb’s victims, Baumeister is suspected to have killed many more men who fit the profile and were dumped along rural roadsides throughout Indiana and Ohio during his active years. According to Julie Baumeister, Herb took a hundred or more trips to Ohio on store business. There would have been plenty of time for Herb to commit these murders that took place on the property, undisturbed. Usually during the summer, sometimes for several months at a time, Julie and the kids would go out of town to stay with Herb’s widowed mother. When asked by investigators about the human skull her son Erich had found on the property a few years prior, Julie informed them of the story Herb provided her with and stated, “It wasn’t like I was sitting at home with nothing else to think about.”. While searching Fox Hollow Farm, police discovered a video camera hiding in a corner of the pool house where Herb had committed multiple murders. Despite no tapes being found, police believe this camera was used to record the deaths of his victims. Still away on vacation, Herb contacted his older brother. He claimed he was away on a business trip and needed more money immediately. A few days later, Herb called his brother a second time to request more money. By this time, he had caught wind that corpses were being discovered on his brother’s property. Herb’s brother informed him that the local police wanted to have a chat regarding all the bodies uncovered on Fox Hollow Farm. Having run out of options, Herb quickly escaped to Canada. One evening, while sleeping in his car under a bridge, a Canadian trooper approached him. Baumeister told the trooper he was a tourist who was just passing through, and had stopped to get some rest. The trooper noted that there was a large stack of what appeared to be video tapes in the backseat of his car. The next day, on July, 3 1996 Herb Baumeister killed himself with a shot to the head from a .357 magnum in Pinery Provincial Park, Grand Bend, Ontario, Canada. He left a three page suicide note on yellow note paper giving his reasons for the suicide: A failed marriage and business. He made note of the fact that he had originally planned to kill himself elsewhere, and apologized for “messing up” the park. He mentioned he would have a peanut butter sandwich for his last meal and afterwards he would “go to sleep”. Herb Baumeister never confessed to any of the murders, though there was more than enough sufficient evidence to convict him. The video tapes spotted the previous evening by the trooper were not in the car and were never found. It is believed Herb disposed of them in the river before committing suicide. His body was found eight days after his death.
That seems like the end of the story, but this is where things become even more bizarre. In 2009, Rob and Vicky Graves purchased Fox Hollow Farm. They moved in and soon began renting out an apartment on the property to Joe LeBlanc. Shortly after getting settled in, Vicky spotted a man in a red T-shirt wandering about near the tree line on their new property, close to the spot investigators had exhumed many of Herb Baumeister’s victims. Assuming the man had a morbid curiosity with the location and murders, the new homeowners were prepared to confront the trespasser. Once she got a better look at the man, Vicky noticed he had no legs- he was just floating, then disappeared into thin air. The two searched the wooded area in the direction he had last been seen, but found nothing. The Graves installed a security camera following the incident in hopes that they could catch any future trespassers on their property. Joe and his dog, Fred, later saw the same man with the red T-shirt in the woods. Fred went chasing off after the man, and Joe ran after him. Eventually Joe came face to face with the trespasser, but as before he had done before, he suddenly vanished. On another occasion, Fred ran back into the woods, and Joe followed behind him. When his dog stopped, Joe noticed something peculiar: a human femur. The police were contacted to collect the bone and informed the new owners it may only be the first in a long series of human remains they would discover on their property. While law enforcement recovered thousands of bones and bone fragments from Baumeister’s victims, there are undoubtedly countless more skeletal remains still buried. Afterwards, the sightings of the man in the red T-shit ceased, but the activity on the property did not. Joe had been experiencing instances of a constant knocking at his door. While the knocking would become growingly intense, no one would answer when he asked who was outside. Anytime Joe opened the door, he would find no one was there. One night when it began, Joe asked who it was and as always, did not receive a response. The knocking grew louder, and more violent. When he opened the door, he saw the knocker was hanging straight out as though someone were still holding it. It would certainly not be a paranormal event for a door knocker to simply stick and hang in a position that seems to defy gravity, but if Mr. LeBlanc’s story is to be believed, there would be no way the door knocker could repeatedly move up and down by itself, before freezing in a perpendicular position. Joe closed his door, locked it and waited, hoping for it to stop. He noticed the knob twisting, like someone outside was trying to get in. The doorknob finally quit turning to his relief, but only a moment later the door burst wide open, sending woodchips flying into his apartment. Moving outside to confront whoever it was, Joe was met at the door frame by a young Caucasian man in soaking wet clothing. The man was terrified, screaming and went running for his life through Joe’s apartment, then just vanished. Not long after this occurred, Joe was able to identify the man he had seen tearing through his apartment that evening as one of Herb Baumeisters victims. The strange events at the property escalated when Joe invited his friend, Jeremy, to come for a swim at the infamous Fox Hollow Farm pool, which Joe had access to as a tenant. Jeremy was a hardened skeptic who wanted to put to rest the rumors of hauntings on the property. In the water, Joe felt someone touch his back immediately before he claims to have been pulled under the water by an unseen force. He felt like he was being choked, as Herb Baumeister’s victims had been years before in the same pool. Jeremy, who witnessed the events, says Joe was clawing at his throat as though he were trying to get someone’s hands off his neck. Having known Joe a very long time, Jeremy is confident that his friend was genuinely scared for his life, and that something unseen had been trying to cause him harm. Bizarre events had become very mundane for Joe LeBlanc who was beginning to feel a constant presence in his kitchen and was hearing footsteps in the room. Frustrated, he finally faced the presence in his home after he investigated a metal scraping sound only to find a knife on the kitchen counter along with cuts in the wooden wall. Attempting what he had seen done on paranormal investigation shows, Joe turned off anything in his house that could make noise, and began to record audio from his computer. Although he felt silly, he asked who had been hanging out in his kitchen. Later, he got his answer from the recording, “The married one.”. Of all Herb Baumeister’s known victims, none of them were married- they were all single gay (or assumed gay) men. LeBlanc believes the voice he captured is that of Baumeister. It is true Herb did not die on the property and many are under the impression this is irrefutable evidence that the voice could not possibly that of the serial killer; However, many parapsychologists strongly believe, assuming the existence of spirits is real, it is not a requirement that a ghost be attached to the location of their death. It is possible that a spirit would, in certain situations, be more likely to return to the place they were most happy during their physical life, as opposed to spending a good chunk of eternity exactly where they met their demise. In Herb Baumeister’s case, it is very likely the best years of his life were those spent at Fox Hollow Farm, killing to his heart’s content. Despite his depression and his awareness that he had reached the end of the line and lost everything, Baumeister did not seem incredibly emotional about taking his own life. As he put it, he was just going to “go to sleep.”, perhaps hoping when he woke up he could return to his property and continue to torment his victims without fear of ever being caught. That being said, police think it very likely Baumeister murdered many more whose bodies have yet to be discovered on his property, or were dumped along the rural roads of Indiana and Ohio and were never officially identified as one of his victims. Therefor, it is possible Herb did at one point kill a married man, unknown to investigators. According to the Graves, the femur bone they located on the property was unable to be identified, and strange happenings still regularly occur at the estate.

From the same demented mind that brought you The Post-Mortem Post: FREAK